Impact of Nutrition-Based Interventions on Athletic Performance during Menstrual Cycle Phases: A Review

Abstract

:

1. Introduction

2. Materials and Methods

3. Results

3.1. Hydration Interventions

3.2. Micronutrient Interventions

3.3. Omega-3-Fatty Acids and Phytochemical-Based Dietary Supplement Interventions

4. Discussion

4.1. Hydration Interventions

4.2. Micronutrient Interventions

4.3. Omega-3-Fatty Acids and Phytochemical-Based Dietary Supplement Interventions

4.4. Strengths and Limitations

4.5. Future Directions

5. Conclusions

Author Contributions

Funding

Institutional Review Board Statement

Informed Consent Statement

Conflicts of Interest

References

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Authors, Year

(Country)

 Study Design Participants Menstrual Cycle Reported Nutrition-Based Intervention and Duration Assessment of Athletic Outcome
Rodriguez-Giustiniani and Galloway, 2019

(United Kingdom)

[28]

 Crossover study Women (n = 10)

Age: 25 ± 7 years

 LFP: between days 10 and 13

MLP: between days 18 and 23

 100% body mass loss volume:

6.4% CHO, 25 mM Na+,

3.5 mM K+ beverage

Consumed in four equal phases over 30 min

 ↑ Fluid retention in LFP (trivial effect)

∅ Menstrual phase on degree of dehydration, urine volume, net fluid balance, electrolyte balance, urine osmolality, thirst intensity
Harris et al., 2019

(United States) [29]

 Randomized counterbalanced crossover study Women (n = 8)

Age: 21 ± 2 years

 Early in cycle 100% body mass loss volume:

Deep-ocean mineral water

59.2 g/L CHO, 450.9 mg/L Na+, 408.3 mg/L Cl−, 126.8 mg/L K+ beverage

Spring water

Consumed in two phases 30 min apart

 Rehydrating with deep-ocean mineral water:

↑ Peak torque

↓ Salivary osmolality
Chryssanthopoulos

et al., 2018

(Greece) [31]

 Double-blind placebo-controlled RCT Women (n = 15)

Age: 43 ± 2 years

 FP:

between days 3 and 10

 25 mL 6.4% CHO beverage

Rinsed in mouth for 5 s prior to exercise and at minute 15, 30, and 45

 ∅ Distance traveled, HR, fluid loss
Konishi et al., 2017

(Japan) [32]

 Single-blind RCT Women (n = 4)

Age: 24 ± 2 years

 FP 25 mL 6.4% maltodextrin solution

Rinsed in mouth for 5 s prior to exercise

 ↓ Reaction time, RPE plasma E and NE

∅ Executive function accuracy, plasma ACTH
Gui et al., 2017

(Hong Kong) [33]

 Randomized, placebo-controlled crossover study Women (n = 11)

Age: 32 ± 7 years

 Within 10 days after menses ended 150 mL 6% CES or

150 mL 4% CHO + 2% PRO CES-P

Consumed every 2.5 km for 21 km run

 CES: ↓ 21 km time

CES-P: ∅ 21 km time

CES and CES-P: ∅ USG, RPE, cognitive reaction time
Sun et al., 2015

(China) [34]

 Double-blind placebo-controlled RCT Women (n = 8)

Age: 28 ± 2 years

 FP 3 mL·kg−1 body mass 6% CES

Consumed every 20 min until exhaustion

 ↑ Exercise time to exhaustion, plasma glucose from 15 min mark

∅ RER, blood glucose, lactate levels, HR, RPE, PTS, PAS
Miller, 2014

(United States) [30]

 Randomized, crossover study Women (n = 6)

Age: 25 ± 2 years

 FP 1 mL·kg−1 body mass pickle juice

Bolus of mustard with similar [Na+] to pickle juice

Consumed in full in 2.5 min

 ∅ Plasma Na+ or K+ concentration, plasma osmolality, plasma volume
Ramos-Jiménez

et al., 2014

(Mexico) [35]

 RCT Women (n = 9)

Age: 24 ± 5 years

 FP 100% of body mass loss:

Plain water hydration or

324 mmol/L CHO, 19.9 mmol/L Na+, 3.2 mmol/L K+ beverage

Consumed every 15 min for 90 min

 Both water and CHO-based beverage:

↓ Loss of body mass, body temperature, mean blood pressure, HR

∅ Distance traveled, resistance applied to ergometer
Logan-Sprenger

and Spriet, 2013

(Canada) [36]

 Randomized, crossover study Women (n = 6)

Age: 25 ± 1 years

 FP 600 mL of each:

Water

40 mM Na+ salt water

3% CES

6% CES

Consumed in two phases 15 min apart

 Starting in a hypohydrated state,

all 4 beverages:

↓ USG

↓ Urine volume
West et al., 2012

(Australia) [37]

 Double-blind placebo-controlled

counterbalanced RCT

 Women (n = 9)

Age: 23 ± 3 years

 FP: between days 1 and 5 50 mL·kg−1 fat-free mass of sodium phosphate

Consumed daily for 6 days with fluid

 ∅ VO2peak, running speed, HR
Ali et al., 2011

(New Zealand) [38]

 Randomized, crossover study Women (n = 10)

Age: 26 ± 5

 LP 3 mL·kg−1 body mass water

Consumed every 15 min for 90 min

 ↓ Change in body mass, core body temperature, HR, blood lactate concentration, RPE

∅ Sprint performance
Authors, Year

(Country)

 Study Design Participants Menstrual Cycle Reported Nutrition-Based Intervention and Duration Assessment of Athletic Outcome
Haakonssen

et al., 2015

(Japan) [39]

 Randomized counterbalanced crossover study Women (n = 32)

Age: 24 ± 4 years

 LP or FP Pre-exercise meal with 1352 ± 53 mg calcium

Consumed 2 h before exercise

 ↓ Exercise-induced bone resorption markers, hematocrit percentage

∅ Sweat calcium levels, 10 min time trial
Dellavalle

and Haas, 2013

(United States) [40]

 Double-blind placebo-controlled RCT Women (n = 31)

Age: 20 ± 1 years

 Menstrual status quantified daily 50 mg iron sulfate

Consumed twice per day for 6 weeks

 ↑ Gross efficiency, absolute VO2peak, maximal work rate

↓ Energy expenditure, maximal blood lactate concentration

∅ Endurance time trial, relative VO2peak, HR maximum, RER
Authors, Year

(Country)

 Study Design Participants Menstrual Cycle Reported Nutrition-Based Intervention and Duration Assessment of Athletic Outcome
Hiles et al., 2020

(United Kingdom) [42]

 Randomized, placebo-controlled double-blind crossover study Women (n = 6)

Age: 21 ± 2 years

 MLP 300 mg New Zealand BC extract

Consumed twice daily for 7 days

 ↑ Fat oxidation

↓ RER, CHO oxidation

∅ HR, VO2, VCO2; rectal, skin, body temperature; whole body sweat rate
Lara et al., 2020

(Spain) [43]

 Double-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover RCT Women (n = 13)

Age: 31 ± 6 years

 EFP, preovulatory phase, MLP 3 mg·kg−1 body mass caffeine

Consumed 60 min prior to exercise

 In EFP, preovulatory phase, MLP:

↑ 15 s Wingate peak power
Romero-Moraleda

et al., 2019

(Spain) [44]

 Double-blind placebo-controlled crossover RCT Women (n = 13)

Age: 31 ± 6 years

 EFP

LFP

MLP

 3 mg·kg−1 body mass caffeine

Consumed 45 min prior to exercise

 In EFP and LFP:

↑ Peak velocity at 60% 1-RM
Brown et al., 2019

(United Kingdom) [45]

 Double-blind placebo-controlled RCT Women (n = 20)

Age: 19 ± 1 years

 ELP to MLP

or 14 days before withdrawal bleed

 30 mL Montmorency cherry concentrate

Consumed twice daily for 8 days

 ↑ Pain pressure threshold at rectus femoris, CMJ muscle recovery

↓ Rating of muscle soreness

∅ Hamstring stiffness and flexibility, maximum voluntary isometric contraction, 30 m sprint time, repeated sprint time, RPE
McKinley-Barnard

et al., 2018

(United States) [41]

 Double-blind placebo-controlled RCT Women (n = 22)

Age: 21 ± 1 years

 MFP: day 6

MLP: day 21

 2.4 g EPA and 1.8 g DHA (FO)

Consumed daily for 21 days

 FO: ↑ Perceived muscle soreness, serum estradiol

FO during MFP:

↓ Serum myoglobin

FO and cycle phase:

∅ Muscular strength

Cycle phase: ∅ Perceived muscle soreness
Gutierrez-Hellin

and Del Coso, 2018

(Spain) [46]

 Double-blind placebo-controlled RCT Women (n = 2)

Age: 25 ± 7 years

 LP 3 mg·kg−1 caffeine

3 mg·kg−1 p-synephrine

Consumed 60 min prior to exercise

 Caffeine: ↑ Fat oxidation at 30–70% VO2max

Caffeine + p-synephrine: ↑ Fat oxidation at 40% and 70% VO2max

Caffeine: ↑ Muscle power and endurance perception

Caffeine: ↓ CHO oxidation at 70% VO2max

Caffeine: ↓ Perceived exertion

p-synephrine: ↓ CHO oxidation at 60% VO2max

∅ Energy expenditure
Strauss et al., 2018

(United Kingdom) [47]

 Randomized, placebo-controlled double-blind crossover study Women (n = 16)

Age: 28 ± 8 years

 FP: between days 9 and 11 600 mg·day−1 New Zealand BC extract

Consumed daily for 7 days

 ↑ Fat oxidation

↓ CHO oxidation

∅ HR, VO2, VCO2
Buck et al., June 2015

(Australia) [49]

 Randomized, placebo-controlled double-blind Latin-square design Women (n = 13)

Age: 26 ± 2 years

 FP 50 mg·L−1 SP

Consumed daily for 6 days

70 mL concentrated BJ

Consumed 3 h prior to exercise

 SP: ↓ Set 1, 2, overall total sprint time, best sprint time

SP + BJ: ↓ Set 2 total sprint time vs. placebo

BJ: ∅ total sprint time, best sprint time

∅ HR, RPE, blood lactate
Buck et al.,

March 2015

(Australia) [48]

 Randomized, placebo-controlled double-blind Latin-square design Women (n = 12)

Age: 26 ± 2 years

 FP 50 mg·L−1 SP

Consumed daily for 6 days

6 mg·kg−1 body mass caffeine

Consumed 1 h prior to exercise

 SP + Caffeine:

↓ Set 1, 2, 3, and overall total sprint time vs. placebo

SP + Caffeine:

↓ Set 3 and overall total sprint time vs. Caffeine and vs. SP

SP: ↓ Set 1 and 3 total sprint time vs. placebo

SP + Caffeine: ↓ Best sprint time

∅ HR, RPE
Braakhuis et al., 2014

(Australia) [50]

 Randomized, placebo-controlled crossover study Women (n = 23)

Age: 31 ± 8 years

 Cycle recorded over 3 weeks 0.5 L VC juice or BC juice

Consumed daily for 21 days

 VC: ↓ Training speed

VC and BC: ↑ Running times

BC: ↓ 5 km time trial in fast runners

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Helm, M.M.; McGinnis, G.R.; Basu, A. Impact of Nutrition-Based Interventions on Athletic Performance during Menstrual Cycle Phases: A Review. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2021, 18, 6294. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18126294

Helm MM, McGinnis GR, Basu A. Impact of Nutrition-Based Interventions on Athletic Performance during Menstrual Cycle Phases: A Review. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2021; 18(12):6294. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18126294

Chicago/Turabian Style

Helm, Macy M., Graham R. McGinnis, and Arpita Basu. 2021. “Impact of Nutrition-Based Interventions on Athletic Performance during Menstrual Cycle Phases: A Review” International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 12: 6294. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18126294

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