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Chapter 4: Cells and Energy
Unit 2: Cells Chapter 4: Cells and Energy
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Chapter 4: Cells and Energy
UNIT 2: Cells Chapter 4: Cells and Energy I. Chemical Energy and ATP (4.1) A. The chemical energy used for most cell processes is carried by ATP 1. All carbon-based molecules in food store chemical energy in their bonds
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a. Carbohydrates and lipids most important energy sources.
b. Energy comes from food indirectly
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2. All cells use energy carried by ATP
a. ATP (adenosine triphosphate) is molecule that transfers energy from breakdown of food b. ATP carries energy cells can use c. Used for building molecules, moving materials by active transport, etc.
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3. Energy of ATP released when phosphate group is removed
a. Bond holding third phosphate group is unstable and very easily broken
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b. When loses 3rd phosphate group, ATP become ADP (adenosine diphosphate)
1). ADP is a lower energy molecule than ATP 2). Can be converted back into ATP with addition of energy (adding phosphate group)
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3). The breakdown of ATP to ADP and
3). The breakdown of ATP to ADP and production of ATP from ADP can be represented by cycle. 4). This requires complex group of proteins to help.
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The most important energy storing compound is ATP
ADP +P Energy
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B. Organisms break down carbon-based molecules to produce ATP
1. Food you eat does not contain ATP a. Food must first be digested (break down into smaller molecules) b. Foods provide different amounts of energy (calories)
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2. Number of ATP molecules depends on type of molecule broken down (Carbohydrate, Protein, lipid)
a. Carbohydrates most commonly broken down to make ATP b. Break down of glucose yields 36 molecules of ATP
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3. Fats store about 80% of energy in your body
a. When broken down, yield the most ATP b. A typical triglyceride yields about molecules of ATP
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4. Proteins have about as much ATP as carbohydrates
a. Less likely to be broken down b. Amino acids needed to build new proteins
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5. Plants also need ATP a. Plants do not eat to obtain energy b. Use energy produced by photosynthesis (make sugars from sunlight)
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C. A few types of organisms do not need sunlight and photosynthesis as a source of energy
1. Some organisms use chemosnythesis to produce energy (sugars) 2. Used by organisms in hydrothermal vents (deep ocean)
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II. Overview of Photosynthesis (4.2)
A. Photosynthetic organisms are producers 1. Producers make their own source of chemical energy
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2. Plants use photosynthesis and are producers
a. photosynthesis is process that captures energy from sunlight to make sugars that storechemical energy
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b. Uses visible light made up of several colors (wavelengths) of light.
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1). Plants use molecule in chloroplast called chlorophyll
2). Two main types of chlorophyll
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a. Chlorophyll a and chlorophyll b
b. Absorb mostly red and blue wavelengths. c. Plants appear green because reflect green light (not absorbed)
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B. Photosynthesis in plants occurs in chloroplasts
1. Most of chloroplast are in leaf cells
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2. Two main parts of chloroplasts needed for photosynthesis
a. Grana- stacks of coin-shaped, membrane- enclosed compartments called thylakoids. b. Membrane in thylakoids contain chlorophyll c. Stroma is the fluid that surrounds grana
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C. Photosynthesis occurs in two main stages
1. Light-dependent reactions (capture energy from sunlight) a. Occurs within and across membrane of thylakoids b. Water and sunlight are needed.
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c. Light dependent reactions
1). Chlorophyll absorbs energy from sunlight. (photosystem)
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2). Energy transferred along thylakoid membrane.
3). H2O molecules broken down. 4). Oxygen molecules produced
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3). H2O molecules broken down.
4). Oxygen molecules produced
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2. Light independent reactions (uses energy produced from light-dependent reactions)
a. Occur in the stroma of chloroplasts
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b. CO2 needed 1). CO2 added to cycle to build larger molecules (Calvin cycle) 2). Energy from light dependent reactions is used 3). Molecule of simple sugar is produced (usually glucose C6H12O6)
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3. Equation for whole photosynthetic process
6CO2 + 6H2O → →→→→C6H12O6 + 6O2 Light, enzymes
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O2 Calvin cycle CO2 Light dependent Reactions Glucose ADP NADP NADPH
ATP NADPH Light dependent Reactions Calvin cycle O2 Glucose
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Mesophyll Stomata Vacuole Chloroplast Granum Thylakoid Stroma
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D. Functions of Photosynthesis
1. Plant produce food for themselves and other organisms 2. Animals use oxygen produced by photosynthesis in cellular respiration (released stored energy)
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3. It provides materials for plant growth and development (simple sugars bonded together to form carbohydrates like starch and cellulose)
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4. Regulates Earth’s environment (removes carbon dioxide from Earth’s atmosphere)
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Organisms, such as plants, that make their own food are called
a. autotrophs. b. heterotrophs. c. thylakoids. d. pigments.
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Organisms, such as plants, that make their own food are called
a. autotrophs. b. heterotrophs. c. thylakoids. d. pigments.
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Organisms that cannot make their own food and must obtain energy from the foods they eat are called
a. autotrophs. b. heterotrophs. c. thylakoids. d. plants.
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Organisms that cannot make their own food and must obtain energy from the foods they eat are called
a. autotrophs. b. heterotrophs. c. thylakoids. d. plants.
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Which of the following is an autotroph?
a. mushroom b. dog c. monkey d. tree
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d. tree Which of the following is an autotroph? a. mushroom b. dog
c. monkey d. tree
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What are the three parts of an ATP molecule?
a. adenine, thylakoids, stroma b. stroma, grana, chlorophyll c. adenine, ribose, phosphate d. NADH, NADPH, and FADH2
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c. adenine, ribose, phosphate
What are the three parts of an ATP molecule? a. adenine, thylakoids, stroma b. stroma, grana, chlorophyll c. adenine, ribose, phosphate d. NADH, NADPH, and FADH2
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Energy is released from ATP when
a. a phosphate group is added. b. adenine bonds to ribose. c. ATP is exposed to sunlight. d. a phosphate group is removed.
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d. a phosphate group is removed.
Energy is released from ATP when a. a phosphate group is added. b. adenine bonds to ribose. c. ATP is exposed to sunlight. d. a phosphate group is removed.
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Jan van Helmont concluded that plants gain most of their mass from
a. water. b. the soil. c. carbon dioxide in the air. d. oxygen in the air.
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Jan van Helmont concluded that plants gain most of their mass from
a. water. b. the soil. c. carbon dioxide in the air. d. oxygen in the air.
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Ingenhousz showed that plants produce oxygen bubbles when exposed to
a. ATP. b. carbon dioxide. c. light. d. a burning candle.
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Ingenhousz showed that plants produce oxygen bubbles when exposed to
a. ATP. b. carbon dioxide. c. light. d. a burning candle.
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Photosynthesis uses sunlight to convert water and carbon dioxide into
a. oxygen. b. high-energy sugars. c. ATP and oxygen. d. oxygen and high-energy sugars.
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d. oxygen and high-energy sugars.
Photosynthesis uses sunlight to convert water and carbon dioxide into a. oxygen. b. high-energy sugars. c. ATP and oxygen. d. oxygen and high-energy sugars.
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In the overall equation for photosynthesis, six molecules of carbon dioxide result in six molecules of a. glucose. b. water. c. oxygen. d. ATP.
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In the overall equation for photosynthesis, six molecules of carbon dioxide result in six molecules of a. glucose. b. water. c. oxygen. d. ATP.
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Plants gather the sun’s energy with light-absorbing molecules called
a. pigments. b. thylakoids. c. chloroplasts. d. glucose.
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Plants gather the sun’s energy with light-absorbing molecules called
a. pigments. b. thylakoids. c. chloroplasts. d. glucose.
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Plants take in the sun’s energy by absorbing
a. high-energy sugars. b. chlorophyll a. c. chlorophyll b. d. sunlight.
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d. sunlight. Plants take in the sun’s energy by absorbing
a. high-energy sugars. b. chlorophyll a. c. chlorophyll b. d. sunlight.
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Most plants appear green because chlorophyll
a. does not absorb green light. b. reflects violet light. c. absorbs green light. d. none of these
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a. does not absorb green light.
Most plants appear green because chlorophyll a. does not absorb green light. b. reflects violet light. c. absorbs green light. d. none of these
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Where do the light-dependent reactions take place?
a. in the stroma b. outside the chloroplasts c. in the thylakoid membranes d. only in chlorophyll molecules
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c. in the thylakoid membranes
Where do the light-dependent reactions take place? a. in the stroma b. outside the chloroplasts c. in the thylakoid membranes d. only in chlorophyll molecules
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What are the products of the light-dependent reactions?
a. oxygen gas b. ATP c. NADPH d. all of these
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What are the products of the light-dependent reactions?
a. oxygen gas b. ATP c. NADPH d. all of these
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The Calvin cycle is another name for
a. light-independent reactions. b. light-dependent reactions. c. photosynthesis. d. all of these
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a. light-independent reactions.
The Calvin cycle is another name for a. light-independent reactions. b. light-dependent reactions. c. photosynthesis. d. all of these
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The Calvin cycle takes place in the
a. stroma. b. photosystems. c. thylakoid membranes. d. chlorophyll molecules.
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a. stroma. The Calvin cycle takes place in the b. photosystems.
c. thylakoid membranes. d. chlorophyll molecules.
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If carbon dioxide is removed from a plant’s environment, what would you expect to happen to its production of high-energy sugars? a. More sugars will be produced. b. Fewer sugars will be produced. c. The same number of sugars will be produced but without carbon dioxide. d. Carbon dioxide does not affect the production of high-energy sugars in plants.
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b. Fewer sugars will be produced.
If carbon dioxide is removed from a plant’s environment, what would you expect to happen to its production of high-energy sugars? a. More sugars will be produced. b. Fewer sugars will be produced. c. The same number of sugars will be produced but without carbon dioxide. d. Carbon dioxide does not affect the production of high-energy sugars in plants.
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Which of the following affects the rate of photosynthesis?
a. water b. temperature c. light intensity d. all of these
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Which of the following affects the rate of photosynthesis?
a. water b. temperature c. light intensity d. all of these
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Which of the graphs represents the effect of temperature on the rate of photosynthesis?
a. A b. B c. C d. D
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Which of the graphs represents the effect of temperature on the rate of photosynthesis?
a. A b. B c. C d. D
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Which of the graphs represents the effect of light intensity on the rate of photosynthesis?
a. A b. B c. C d. D Which of the graphs in Figure 8-2 represents the effect of temperature on the rate of photosynthesis? a. A b. B c. C d. D
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Which of the graphs represents the effect of light intensity on the rate of photosynthesis?
a. A b. B c. C d. D Which of the graphs in Figure 8-2 represents the effect of temperature on the rate of photosynthesis? a. A b. B c. C d. D
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Which wavelength of light is absorbed the most according to the graph below? (use solid line)
Approx. 440 and 680 nm
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Approximately 570 nm (green light)
Which wavelength of light is reflected the most? Approximately 570 nm (green light)
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III. Overview of Cellular Respiration (4.4)
A. Cellular respiration makes ATP by breaking down sugars and other carbon- based molecules to make ATP 1. Cellular respiration is aerobic (requires oxygen) 2. Takes place in mitochondria (cell“powerhouse”)
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B. Process starts with Glycolysis (means “glucose breaking”)
1. 6-carbon glucose broken into two 3- carbon molecules of pyruvic acid 2. Produces 2 molecules of ATP (makes 4, but uses 2 ATP = net of 2 ATP)
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3. anaerobic process (does not require oxygen)
4. Takes place in cytoplasm 5. Products of glycolysis used in respiration process.
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6CO2 + 6H2O → →→→→C6H12O6 + 6O2 C6H12O6 + 6O2 → →→→6CO2 + 6H2O
C. Cellular respiration is like mirror image of photosynthesis 1. Chemical equation for cellular respiration is basically the reverse of that for photosynthesis 2. Structures in chloroplast and mitochondria are similar 6CO2 + 6H2O → →→→→C6H12O6 + 6O C6H12O6 + 6O2 → →→→6CO2 + 6H2O
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D. Cellular Respiration takes place in two main stages
1. Krebs cycle- takes place in interior space of mitochondria.
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a. 3-carbon molecules produced in glycolysis are broken down in a cycle of chemical reactions
b. Carbon dioxide is given off (CO2) c. Energy produced is transferred to 2nd stage (energy in the form of ATP and other “charged” molecules- NADH and FADH2)
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2. Electron Transport Chain-
a. Takes place in inner membrane b. Energy transferred to electron transport chain
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Electron Transport Chain
Intermembrane space Matrix
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Electron Tranport Chain: ATP Synthesis
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c. Oxygen enters process and picks up electrons and hydrogen to make H2O (water)
d. ATP produced (34 to 36 molecules) for a total of 36 to 38 including glycolysis e. Many enzymes required for process 2 2 32
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E. Overall equation of cellular respiration
C6H12O6 + 6O2 → →→→6CO2 + 6H2O
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F. Comparing Photosynthesis and Cellular Respiration (reactants of photosynthesis are same as products of cellular respiration)
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IV. Fermentation (4.6) A. Fermentation allows glycolysis to continue 1. Fermentation allows glycolysis to continue making ATP when oxygen is unavailable
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2. Fermentation is an anaerobic process
a. Occurs when oxygen not available for cellular respiration b. Does not produce ATP 3. NAD+ is recycled to glycolysis
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B. Lactic Acid fermentation- occurs in muscle cells
1. Glycolysis splits glucose into two pyruvate molecules 2. Pyruvate and NADH enter fermentation
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3. Energy from NADH converts pyruvate into lactic acid
4. NADH is changed back into NAD+
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C. Alcoholic fermentation- similar to lactic acid fermentation
1. Products of alcoholic fermentation include cheese, bread, yogurt 2. Glycolysis splits glucose and products enter fermentation
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3. Energy from NADH is used to spit pyruvate into an alcohol and carbon dioxide
4. NADH is changed back into NAD+ 5. NAD+ is recycled to glycolysis
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Energy and Exercise Quick Energy Cells contain only enough ATP for a few seconds of intense activity Then cells rely on lactic acid fermentation (can supply for about 90 seconds) Lactic acid build-up causes burning in muscles. Only way to get rid of lactic acid is chemical pathway that requires oxygen (why you breathe heavy after heavy excercise.)
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Long Term Energy Cellular respiration only way to produce continuous supply of ATP Energy stored in muscles and other tissue in form of carbohydrate glycogen Enough glycogen for about 15 to 20 min. When glycogen used up, body breaks down other stored molecules including fats, for energy.
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A variety of organic molecules can be utilized to produce energy
A variety of organic molecules can be utilized to produce energy. These molecules enter the Krebs cycle different stages.
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Chapter 9 Cellular Respiration
UNIT III Chapter Cellular Respiration
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Which of the following is the correct sequence of events in cellular respiration?
a. glycolysis ® fermentation ® Krebs cycle b. Krebs cycle ® electron transport ® glycolysis c. glycolysis ® Krebs cycle ® electron transport d. Krebs cycle ® glycolysis ® electron transport
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Which of the following is the correct sequence of events in cellular respiration?
a. glycolysis ® fermentation ® Krebs cycle b. Krebs cycle ® electron transport ® glycolysis c. glycolysis ® Krebs cycle ® electron transport d. Krebs cycle ® glycolysis ® electron transport
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Which of the following is released during cellular respiration?
a. oxygen b. air c. energy d. lactic acid
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Which of the following is released during cellular respiration?
a. oxygen b. air c. energy d. lactic acid
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Cellular respiration uses one molecule of glucose to produce
a. 2 ATP molecules. b. 34 ATP molecules. c. 36 ATP molecules. d. 38 ATP molecules.
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Cellular respiration uses one molecule of glucose to produce
a. 2 ATP molecules. b. 34 ATP molecules. c. 36 ATP molecules. d. 38 ATP molecules.
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What is the correct equation for cellular respiration?
a. 6O2 + C6H12O6 ® 6CO2 + 6H2O + Energy b. 6O2 + C6H12O6 + Energy ® 6CO2 + 6H2O c. 6CO2 + 6H2O ® 6O2 + C6H12O6 + Energy d. 6CO2 + 6H2O + Energy ® 6O2 + C6H12O6
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What is the correct equation for cellular respiration?
a. 6O2 + C6H12O6 ® 6CO2 + 6H2O + Energy b. 6O2 + C6H12O6 + Energy ® 6CO2 + 6H2O c. 6CO2 + 6H2O ® 6O2 + C6H12O6 + Energy d. 6CO2 + 6H2O + Energy ® 6O2 + C6H12O6
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Cellular respiration releases energy by breaking down
a. food molecules. b. ATP. c. carbon dioxide. d. water.
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Cellular respiration releases energy by breaking down
a. food molecules. b. ATP. c. carbon dioxide. d. water.
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Which of these processes takes place in the cytoplasm of a cell?
a. glycolysis b. electron transport c. Krebs cycle d. all of the above
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Which of these processes takes place in the cytoplasm of a cell?
a. glycolysis b. electron transport c. Krebs cycle d. all of the above
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Glycolysis provides a cell with a net gain of
a. 2 ATP molecules. b. 4 ATP molecules. c. 18 ATP molecules. d. 36 ATP molecules.
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Glycolysis provides a cell with a net gain of
a. 2 ATP molecules. b. 4 ATP molecules. c. 18 ATP molecules. d. 36 ATP molecules.
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The starting molecule for glycolysis is
a. ADP. b. pyruvic acid. c. citric acid. d. glucose.
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The starting molecule for glycolysis is
a. ADP. b. pyruvic acid. c. citric acid. d. glucose.
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Lactic acid fermentation occurs in
a. bread dough. b. any environment containing oxygen. c. muscle cells. d. mitochondria.
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Lactic acid fermentation occurs in
a. bread dough. b. any environment containing oxygen. c. muscle cells. d. mitochondria.
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The two main types of fermentation are called
a. alcoholic and aerobic. b. aerobic and anaerobic. c. alcoholic and lactic acid. d. lactic acid and anaerobic.
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The two main types of fermentation are called
a. alcoholic and aerobic. b. aerobic and anaerobic. c. alcoholic and lactic acid. d. lactic acid and anaerobic.
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One cause of muscle soreness is
a. alcoholic fermentation. b. glycolysis. c. lactic acid fermentation. d. the Krebs cycle.
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One cause of muscle soreness is
a. alcoholic fermentation. b. glycolysis. c. lactic acid fermentation. d. the Krebs cycle.
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Milk is converted to yogurt under certain conditions when the microorganisms in the milk produce acid. Which of these processes would you expect to be key in the production of yogurt? a. the Krebs cycle b. photosynthesis c. alcoholic fermentation d. lactic acid fermentation
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Milk is converted to yogurt under certain conditions when the microorganisms in the milk produce acid. Which of these processes would you expect to be key in the production of yogurt? a. the Krebs cycle b. photosynthesis c. alcoholic fermentation d. lactic acid fermentation
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Cellular respiration is called an aerobic process because it requires
a. light. b. exercise. c. oxygen. d. glucose.
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Cellular respiration is called an aerobic process because it requires
a. light. b. exercise. c. oxygen. d. glucose.
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In eukaryotes, electron transport occurs in the
a. mitochondria. b. chloroplasts. c. cell membrane. d. cytoplasm.
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In eukaryotes, electron transport occurs in the
a. mitochondria. b. chloroplasts. c. cell membrane. d. cytoplasm.
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The energy of the electrons passing along the electron transport chain are used to make
a. lactic acid. b. citric acid. c. alcohol. d. ATP.
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The energy of the electrons passing along the electron transport chain are used to make
a. lactic acid. b. citric acid. c. alcohol. d. ATP.
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Which process does NOT release energy from glucose?
a. glycolysis b. photosynthesis c. fermentation d. cellular respiration
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Which process does NOT release energy from glucose?
a. glycolysis b. photosynthesis c. fermentation d. cellular respiration
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Photosynthesis is to chloroplasts as cellular respiration is to
a. chloroplasts. b. cytoplasm. c. mitochondria. d. nucleus.
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Photosynthesis is to chloroplasts as cellular respiration is to
a. chloroplasts. b. cytoplasm. c. mitochondria. d. nucleus.
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Unlike photosynthesis, cellular respiration occurs in
a. animal cells only. b. plant cells only. c. all but plant cells. d. all eukaryotic cells.
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Unlike photosynthesis, cellular respiration occurs in
a. animal cells only. b. plant cells only. c. all but plant cells. d. all eukaryotic cells.
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The products of photosynthesis are the
a. products of cellular respiration. b. reactants of cellular respiration. c. products of glycolysis. d. reactants of fermentation.
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The products of photosynthesis are the
a. products of cellular respiration. b. reactants of cellular respiration. c. products of glycolysis. d. reactants of fermentation.
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