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CAMPBELL BIOLOGY IN FOCUS © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Urry Cain Wasserman Minorsky Jackson Reece Lecture Presentations by Kathleen Fitzpatrick and Nicole Tunbridge 9 The Cell Cycle
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© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 9.1
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© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 9.2 (a) Reproduction 100 m (c) Tissue renewal (b) Growth and development 200 m 20 m
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Cellular Organization of the Genetic Material All the DNA in a cell constitutes the cell’s genome A genome can consist of a single DNA molecule (common in prokaryotic cells) or a number of DNA molecules (common in eukaryotic cells) DNA molecules in a cell are packaged into chromosomes © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
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Figure 9.3 Eukaryotic chromosomes 20 m
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© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 9.4 Centromere 0.5 m Sister chromatids
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© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 9.5-1 Centromere Chromosomal DNA molecules Chromosomes Chromosome arm 1
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© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 9.5-2 Centromere Sister chromatids Chromosomal DNA molecules Chromosomes Chromosome arm Chromosome duplication 1 2
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© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 9.5-3 Centromere Sister chromatids Separation of sister chromatids Chromosomal DNA molecules Chromosomes Chromosome arm Chromosome duplication 1 3 2
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© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 9.6 Cytokinesis Mitosis S (DNA synthesis) G1G1 G2G2
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© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 9.UN03
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© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Video: Animal Mitosis Video: Microtubules Mitosis Animation: Mitosis Video: Microtubules Anaphase Video: Nuclear Envelope
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© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 9.7f G 2 of Interphase 10 m
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© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 9.7g Prophase 10 m
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© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 9.7h Prometaphase 10 m
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© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 9.7i 10 m Metaphase
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© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 9.7j Anaphase 10 m
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© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 9.7k Telophase and Cytokinesis 10 m
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© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 9.11a 10 m Nucleus Nucleolus Chromosomes condensing Prophase 1
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© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 9.11b 10 m 2 Prometaphase Chromosomes
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© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 9.11c 10 m 3 Metaphase
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© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 9.11d 10 m 4 Anaphase
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© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 9.11e 10 m 5 Telophase Cell plate
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© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 9.14 G 1 nucleus immediately entered S phase and DNA was synthesized. Experiment Experiment 1 Experiment 2 Results S S S M G1G1 M M G1G1 G 1 nucleus began mitosis without chromosome duplication. Conclusion Molecules present in the cytoplasm control the progression to S and M phases.
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© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 9.15 M checkpoint S M G1G1 G2G2 G 1 checkpoint G 2 checkpoint Control system
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© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 9.16a G1G1 G 1 checkpoint Without go-ahead signal, cell enters G 0. G0G0 With go-ahead signal, cell continues cell cycle. (a) G 1 checkpoint G1G1
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The cell cycle is regulated by a set of regulatory proteins and protein complexes including kinases and proteins called cyclins © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
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An example of an internal signal occurs at the M phase checkpoint In this case, anaphase does not begin if any kinetochores remain unattached to spindle microtubules Attachment of all of the kinetochores activates a regulatory complex, which then activates the enzyme separase Separase allows sister chromatids to separate, triggering the onset of anaphase © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
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Figure 9.17-1 1 A sample of human connective tissue is cut up into small pieces. Petri dish Scalpels
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© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 9.17-2 1 A sample of human connective tissue is cut up into small pieces. 2 Enzymes digest the extracellular matrix, resulting in a suspension of free fibroblasts. Petri dish Scalpels
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© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 9.17-3 1 A sample of human connective tissue is cut up into small pieces. 2 3 Enzymes digest the extracellular matrix, resulting in a suspension of free fibroblasts. Cells are transferred to culture vessels. Petri dish Scalpels 4 PDGF is added to half the vessels.
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© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 9.17-4 1 A sample of human connective tissue is cut up into small pieces. 2 3 4 Enzymes digest the extracellular matrix, resulting in a suspension of free fibroblasts. Cells are transferred to culture vessels. PDGF is added to half the vessels. Without PDGF With PDGF Cultured fibroblasts (SEM) 10 m Petri dish Scalpels
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Another example of external signals is density- dependent inhibition, in which crowded cells stop dividing Most animal cells also exhibit anchorage dependence, in which they must be attached to a substratum in order to divide Cancer cells exhibit neither density-dependent inhibition nor anchorage dependence © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
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Figure 9.18 Anchorage dependence: cells require a surface for division 20 m Density-dependent inhibition: cells divide to fill a gap and then stop Density-dependent inhibition: cells form a single layer 20 m (a) Normal mammalian cells (b) Cancer cells
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© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 9.19 1 A tumor grows from a single cancer cell. Cancer cells invade neighboring tissue. Cancer cells spread through lymph and blood vessels to other parts of the body. A small percentage of cancer cells may metastasize to another part of the body. Breast cancer cell (colorized SEM) Lymph vessel Blood vessel Cancer cell Metastatic tumor Glandular tissue Tumor 5 m 2 3 4
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© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 9.19a A tumor grows from a single cancer cell. Cancer cells invade neighboring tissue. Cancer cells spread through lymph and blood vessels to other parts of the body. Glandular tissue Tumor 1 23
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© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 9.19b 43 Cancer cells spread through lymph and blood vessels to other parts of the body. A small percentage of cancer cells may metastasize to another part of the body. Lymph vessel Blood vessel Cancer cell Metastatic tumor
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© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 9.UN02 S G1G1 G2G2 Mitosis Telophase and Cytokinesis MITOTIC (M) PHASE Anaphase Metaphase Prometaphase Prophase
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